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Polypterus faraou (7 Ma) Protopsephurus luii (120.8 Ma) Polyodon tuberculata (63.1 Ma) Watsonulus eugnathoides (251.2 Ma) Anaethalion zapporum (151.2 Ma) Arratiaelops vectensis (126 Ma) Atractosteus falipoui (93.9 Ma) Baugeichthys caeruleus (129.4 Ma) Anguilla ignota (47 Ma) Serrivomer sp. (12.62 Ma) Echelus branchialis (53.7 Ma) Paralycoptera wui (107 Ma) Joffrichthys symmetropterus (58.551 Ma) Palaeonotopterus greenwoodi (93.9 Ma) Leptolepides haerteisi (150.94 Ma) Tischlingerichthys viohli (150.94 Ma) Trollichthys bolcensis (49 Ma) Eoengraulis fasoloi (49 Ma) Dorosoma petenense (1.8 Ma) Rubiesichthys gregalis (126.3 Ma) Characiformes indet. (93.9 Ma) Humboldtichthys kirschbaumi (7.246 Ma) Megapiranha paranensis (6 Ma) Lignobrycon ligniticus (24.5 Ma) Megacheirodon unicus (24.5 Ma) Salminus noriegai (7.246 Ma) Corydoras revelatus (39.5 Ma) Taubateia paraiba (24.5 Ma) Cetopangasius chaetobranchus (5.333 Ma) Astephus sp. (59.36 Ma) Ameiurus pectinatus (33.97 Ma) Pylodictis olivaris (16.3 Ma) Brachyplatystoma promagdlaena (12.8 Ma) Chrysichthys mahengeensis (45 Ma) Synodontis sp. (28.1 Ma) Amyzon aggregatum (48.88 Ma) Cyprinus maomingensis (40.14 Ma) Huashancyprinus robustispinus (23.03 Ma) Macropinna sp (7.246 Ma) Estesesox foxi (76.4 Ma) Esox kronneri (51.57 Ma) Eosalmo driftwoodensis (51.43 Ma) Hucho sp. (15.4 Ma) Oncorhynchus ('Smilodonichthys') rastrosus (8.2 Ma) Oncorhynchus keta (4.8 Ma) Paravinciguerria praecursor (93.9 Ma) Speirsaenigma lindoei (56.83 Ma) Sigmops sp. (12.62 Ma) Polypnoides laevis (41.3 Ma) Argyropelecus sp. (32.02 Ma) Argyropelecus logearti (12.62 Ma) Chauliodus testa (7.246 Ma) Chauliodus sloani (2.588 Ma) Stomias affinis (5.33 Ma) Galaxias effusus (23 Ma) Apateodus glyphodus (103.13 Ma) Alepisaurus 'ferox' (15.97 Ma) Eomyctophum koraense (32.02 Ma) Bolinichthys sp. (5.33 Ma) Homonotichthys dorsalis (93.6 Ma) Massamorichthys wilsoni (63.1 Ma) Trichophanes foliarum (33.07 Ma) Cretzeus rinaldii (69.71 Ma) Zenopsis clarus, Zenopsis tyleri, and Zenopsis hoernesi (32.02 Ma) Rhinocephalus planiceps (53.7 Ma) Nezumia lindsayi (41.3 Ma) Merluccius cf. merluccius (5.333 Ma) Gaidropsarus pilleri (13.53 Ma) Gadiculus cf. jonas (5.333 Ma) Bregmaceros filamentosus (41.3 Ma) Aipichthys velifer (98 Ma) Turkmene finitimus (54.17 Ma) Eolophotes lenis (41.3 Ma) Trachipterus mauritanicus (5.333 Ma) Stichocentrus liratus (98 Ma) Berybolcensis leptacanthus (49 Ma) Hoplopteryx lewesensis (93.6 Ma) Gephyroberyx robustus (32.02 Ma) Miobarbourisia aomori (9.83 Ma) Phyllophyarngodon longipinnis (49 Ma) Calotomus priesli (13.53 Ma) Tautoga sp. (15 Ma) Caruso brachysomus (49 Ma) Eosladenia caucasica (38 Ma) Tarkus squirei (49 Ma) Eophryne barbutii (49 Ma) Oneiroides sp. (7.42 Ma) Antennarius monodi (5.333 Ma) Ctenoplectus williamsi (53.7 Ma) Eolactoria sorbinii (49 Ma) Oligolactoria bubiki (30.28 Ma) Eospinus daniltshenkoi (54.17 Ma) Protacanthodes nimesensis (49 Ma) Carpathospinosus propheticus (26.93 Ma) Oligobalistes robustus (32.02 Ma) Balkaria histiopterygia (55.8 Ma) Austromola angerhoferi (21.12 Ma) Heptadiodon echinus (49 Ma) Archaeotetraodon winterbottomi (32.02 Ma) Eoscatophagus frontalis (49 Ma) Siganopygaeus rarus (54.17 Ma) Luvarus necopinatus (54.17 Ma) Eozanclus brevirostris (49 Ma) Proacanthurus tenuis (49 Ma) Malacanthus carosii (13.53 Ma) Lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps (13.82 Ma) Chaetodontidae indet. (Tholichthys larval stage) (29.62 Ma) Chaetodon ficheuri (5.333 Ma) Astroscopus countermani (7.246 Ma) Archoplites clarki (15.4 Ma) Gasterosteus cf. wheatlandi (13.1 Ma) Argestichthys vysotzkyi (54.17 Ma) Eocoelopoma portentosum (54.17 Ma) Eochampsodon elongatus (38 Ma) Gasterorhamphosus zuppichinii (69.71 Ma) Gerpegezhus paviai (55.8 Ma) Hippocampus samarticus (49 Ma) Carlomonnius quasigobius (49 Ma) Lepidocottus aries (23.03 Ma) Anchichanna kuldanensis (41.3 Ma) Eolates gracilis (49 Ma) Mene purdyi (55.2 Ma) Ductor vestenae (49 Ma) Oligoremora rhenana (29.62 Ma) Scomberoides spinosus (19.3 Ma) Eastmanalepes primaevus (49 Ma) Heteronectes chaneti (49 Ma) Sphyraena bolcensis (49 Ma) Eobothus minimus (49 Ma) Oligopleuronectes germanicus (29.62 Ma) Oligobothus pristinus (29.62 Ma) Eubuglossus eocenicus (41.2 Ma) Bothus sp. (11.056 Ma) Palaeopomacentrus orphae (49 Ma) Mahengechromis spp (45 Ma) Gymnogeophagus eocenicus (39.5 Ma) Nandopsis woodringi (3.6 Ma) Ramphexocoetus volans (49 Ma) Francolebias aymardi (28.1 Ma)

Table of fossil calibrations

Index Clade Fossil Min. age
1 subset of Polypterus Polypterus faraou 7 Ma
2 Crown Chondrostei Protopsephurus luii 120.8 Ma
3 Crown Polyodontidae Polyodon tuberculata 63.1 Ma
4 Crown Holostei Watsonulus eugnathoides 251.2 Ma
5 Crown Teleostei Anaethalion zapporum 151.2 Ma
6 Elopiformes Arratiaelops vectensis 126 Ma
7 Crown Lepisosteidae Atractosteus falipoui 93.9 Ma
8 Albuliformes + Anguilliformes Baugeichthys caeruleus 129.4 Ma
9 Total group Angullidae Anguilla ignota 47 Ma
10 Total group Serrivomer Serrivomer sp. 12.62 Ma
11 Total group Echelus Echelus branchialis 53.7 Ma
12 Total group Osteoglossidae Paralycoptera wui 107 Ma
13 Crown Osteoglossidae Joffrichthys symmetropterus 58.551 Ma
14 (Mormyridae + Gymnarchidae) vs Notopteridae Palaeonotopterus greenwoodi 93.9 Ma
15 Total group Euteleostei Leptolepides haerteisi 150.94 Ma
16 Crown Otomorpha Tischlingerichthys viohli 150.94 Ma
17 Total group Spratteloidini Trollichthys bolcensis 49 Ma
18 Crown Engraulidae Eoengraulis fasoloi 49 Ma
19 Crown Dorosoma Dorosoma petenense 1.8 Ma
20 Chanidae vs Kneriidae Rubiesichthys gregalis 126.3 Ma
21 Total group Characiformes Characiformes indet. 93.9 Ma
22 MRCA Sternopygus and Apteronotus Humboldtichthys kirschbaumi 7.246 Ma
23 subset Serrasalmidae Megapiranha paranensis 6 Ma
24 Total group Lignobrycon Lignobrycon ligniticus 24.5 Ma
25 Total group Spintherobolus Megacheirodon unicus 24.5 Ma
26 Total group Salminus Salminus noriegai 7.246 Ma
27 Crown group Callichthyidae Corydoras revelatus 39.5 Ma
28 Total group Loricariidae Taubateia paraiba 24.5 Ma
29 Total group Pangasiidae Cetopangasius chaetobranchus 5.333 Ma
30 Total group Ictaluridae Astephus sp. 59.36 Ma
31 Total group Ameiurus Ameiurus pectinatus 33.97 Ma
32 Total group Pylodictis Pylodictis olivaris 16.3 Ma
33 Crown Brachyplatystoma Brachyplatystoma promagdlaena 12.8 Ma
34 MRCA Chrysichthys Chrysichthys mahengeensis 45 Ma
35 Total group Synodontis Synodontis sp. 28.1 Ma
36 Crown Catostomidae Amyzon aggregatum 48.88 Ma
37 Total group Cyprinini Cyprinus maomingensis 40.14 Ma
38 Total group Cyprinus Huashancyprinus robustispinus 23.03 Ma
39 Total group Macropinna Macropinna sp 7.246 Ma
40 Total group Esocidae Estesesox foxi 76.4 Ma
41 Crown Esox Esox kronneri 51.57 Ma
42 Total group Salmoninae Eosalmo driftwoodensis 51.43 Ma
43 Total group Hucho Hucho sp. 15.4 Ma
44 Total group Oncorynchus Oncorhynchus ('Smilodonichthys') rastrosus 8.2 Ma
45 Oncorhynchus keta Oncorhynchus keta 4.8 Ma
46 Total group Stomiiformes Paravinciguerria praecursor 93.9 Ma
47 Total group Plecoglossidae Speirsaenigma lindoei 56.83 Ma
48 Cylothone plus Stigmops Sigmops sp. 12.62 Ma
49 Total group Sternoptychidae Polypnoides laevis 41.3 Ma
50 Total group Argyropelecus Argyropelecus sp. 32.02 Ma
51 Argyropelecus hemigymnus Argyropelecus logearti 12.62 Ma
52 Croan Chauliodus Chauliodus testa 7.246 Ma
53 Chauliodus sloani Chauliodus sloani 2.588 Ma
54 Stomias affinis Stomias affinis 5.33 Ma
55 Total group Galaxias Galaxias effusus 23 Ma
56 Total group Aulopiformes Apateodus glyphodus 103.13 Ma
57 Total group Alepisaurus Alepisaurus 'ferox' 15.97 Ma
58 Crown Myctophiformes Eomyctophum koraense 32.02 Ma
59 Total group Bolinichthys Bolinichthys sp. 5.33 Ma
60 Total group Polymixiiformes Homonotichthys dorsalis 93.6 Ma
61 Crown Percopsiformes Massamorichthys wilsoni 63.1 Ma
62 Amblyopsidae vs Aphredoderidae Trichophanes foliarum 33.07 Ma
63 Crown Zeiformes Cretzeus rinaldii 69.71 Ma
64 Crown Zeidae Zenopsis clarus, Zenopsis tyleri, and Zenopsis hoernesi 32.02 Ma
65 Crown Gadiformes Rhinocephalus planiceps 53.7 Ma
66 Total group Macrouridae Nezumia lindsayi 41.3 Ma
67 Meluccius merluccius Merluccius cf. merluccius 5.333 Ma
68 Total group Gaidropsarus Gaidropsarus pilleri 13.53 Ma
69 Gadiculus Gadiculus cf. jonas 5.333 Ma
70 Total group Bregmaceros Bregmaceros filamentosus 41.3 Ma
71 Total group Lampridformes Aipichthys velifer 98 Ma
72 Total group Lamprididae Turkmene finitimus 54.17 Ma
73 Total group Lophotidae Eolophotes lenis 41.3 Ma
74 Trachipteridae Trachipterus mauritanicus 5.333 Ma
75 Total group Holocentroidei Stichocentrus liratus 98 Ma
76 Crown Holocentridae Berybolcensis leptacanthus 49 Ma
77 Total group Trachichthyoidei Hoplopteryx lewesensis 93.6 Ma
78 Total group Gephyroberyx Gephyroberyx robustus 32.02 Ma
79 Crown Stephanoberyciformes Miobarbourisia aomori 9.83 Ma
80 Total group Hypsigenyini Phyllophyarngodon longipinnis 49 Ma
81 Total group Calotomus Calotomus priesli 13.53 Ma
82 Total group Tautoga Tautoga sp. 15 Ma
83 Crown Lophiiformes Caruso brachysomus 49 Ma
84 MRCA Lophioides plus Lophius Eosladenia caucasica 38 Ma
85 Total group Ogcocephalidae Tarkus squirei 49 Ma
86 Total group Antennaridae Eophryne barbutii 49 Ma
87 Oneiroides Oneiroides sp. 7.42 Ma
88 Antennarius ocellatus group Antennarius monodi 5.333 Ma
89 Total group Triodontidae Ctenoplectus williamsi 53.7 Ma
90 Total group Ostraciidae Eolactoria sorbinii 49 Ma
91 Crown group Ostraciidae Oligolactoria bubiki 30.28 Ma
92 Total group Balistoidei Eospinus daniltshenkoi 54.17 Ma
93 Total group Triacanthidae Protacanthodes nimesensis 49 Ma
94 MRCA Tydemania, Triacanthodes Carpathospinosus propheticus 26.93 Ma
95 Crown Balistoidei Oligobalistes robustus 32.02 Ma
96 Total group Tetraodontoidei Balkaria histiopterygia 55.8 Ma
97 Crown Molidae Austromola angerhoferi 21.12 Ma
98 Total group Diodontidae Heptadiodon echinus 49 Ma
99 MRCA Sphoeroides, Tetraodon Archaeotetraodon winterbottomi 32.02 Ma
100 Total group Scatophagidae Eoscatophagus frontalis 49 Ma
101 Total group Siganidae Siganopygaeus rarus 54.17 Ma
102 Total group Luvarus Luvarus necopinatus 54.17 Ma
103 Total group Zanclus Eozanclus brevirostris 49 Ma
104 Crown group Acanthuridae Proacanthurus tenuis 49 Ma
105 Total group Malacanthus Malacanthus carosii 13.53 Ma
106 Total group Lopholatilus Lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps 13.82 Ma
107 Total group Chaetodontidae Chaetodontidae indet. (Tholichthys larval stage) 29.62 Ma
108 Total group Chaetodon Chaetodon ficheuri 5.333 Ma
109 Total group Astroscopus Astroscopus countermani 7.246 Ma
110 Total group Archoplites Archoplites clarki 15.4 Ma
111 Gasterosteus aculeatus Gasterosteus cf. wheatlandi 13.1 Ma
112 Total group Trichuroidea Argestichthys vysotzkyi 54.17 Ma
113 Crown Scombridae Eocoelopoma portentosum 54.17 Ma
114 Total group Champsodontidae Eochampsodon elongatus 38 Ma
115 Total group Macrorhamphosa Gasterorhamphosus zuppichinii 69.71 Ma
116 Total group Centriscidae Gerpegezhus paviai 55.8 Ma
117 Total group Hippocampus Hippocampus samarticus 49 Ma
118 Total group Gobiiformes Carlomonnius quasigobius 49 Ma
119 Total group Kribia Lepidocottus aries 23.03 Ma
120 Total group Channidae Anchichanna kuldanensis 41.3 Ma
121 Total group Latidae Eolates gracilis 49 Ma
122 Total group Menidae Mene purdyi 55.2 Ma
123 Total group Echeneoidei Ductor vestenae 49 Ma
124 Total group Echeneidae Oligoremora rhenana 29.62 Ma
125 Total group Scomberoidini Scomberoides spinosus 19.3 Ma
126 Total group Carangini Eastmanalepes primaevus 49 Ma
127 Total group Pleuronectiformes Heteronectes chaneti 49 Ma
128 Total group Sphyraenidae Sphyraena bolcensis 49 Ma
129 Subset Pleuronectoidei Eobothus minimus 49 Ma
130 Subset Pleuronectoidei Oligopleuronectes germanicus 29.62 Ma
131 Total group Bothidae Oligobothus pristinus 29.62 Ma
132 Total group Soleidae Eubuglossus eocenicus 41.2 Ma
133 Total group Bothus Bothus sp. 11.056 Ma
134 Total group Pomacentridae Palaeopomacentrus orphae 49 Ma
135 Crown Cichlidae Mahengechromis spp 45 Ma
136 Crown Geophagini Gymnogeophagus eocenicus 39.5 Ma
137 Total group Nandopsis haitiensis Nandopsis woodringi 3.6 Ma
138 Total group Exocoetidae Ramphexocoetus volans 49 Ma
139 Total group Valenciidae Francolebias aymardi 28.1 Ma