[{"clade":"Crown Holostei","fossil":"Watsonulus eugnathoides","left":"Amia_calva","right":"Lepisosteus_osseus","min":"251.2","max":"NA","locality":"See Benton et al. (2015)","authority":"See Benton et al. (2015)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Benton et al. (2015), calibration 27"},{"clade":"Crown Teleostei","fossil":"Anaethalion zapporum","left":"Elops_saurus","right":"Hiodon_alosoides","min":"151.2","max":"192.7827828","locality":"See Benton et al. (2015)","authority":"See Benton et al. (2015)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Benton et al. (2015), calibration 30"},{"clade":"Elopiformes","fossil":"Arratiaelops vectensis","left":"Elops_saurus","right":"Megalops_atlanticus","min":"126","max":"157.951952","locality":"Bernissart, Belgium","authority":"Taverne (1999)","age_authority":"Late Barremian-early Aptian based on Yans et al. (2012), date derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Crown Lepisosteidae","fossil":"Atractosteus falipoui","left":"Lepisosteus_osseus","right":"Atractosteus_spatula","min":"93.9","max":"145.3747748","locality":"See Benton et al. (2015)","authority":"See Benton et al. (2015)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Benton et al. (2015), calibration 29"},{"clade":"Albuliformes + Anguilliformes","fossil":"Baugeichthys caeruleus","left":"Albula_vulpes","right":"Anguilla_anguilla","min":"129.4","max":"173.6324324","locality":"Massif de Bauges, France","authority":"Filleul (2000)","age_authority":"Filleul (2000)"},{"clade":"Total group Angullidae","fossil":"Anguilla ignota","left":"Serrivomer_sector","right":"Anguilla_anguilla","min":"47","max":"120.6096096","locality":"Messel, Germany","authority":"Saninti et al. (2013)","age_authority":"Franzen (2005)"},{"clade":"Total group Serrivomer","fossil":"Serrivomer sp.","left":"Stemonidium_hypomelas","right":"Serrivomer_sector","min":"12.62","max":"87.40580581","locality":"Torricella Peligna, Italy","authority":"Carenvale (2007)","age_authority":"Carnevale (2007)"},{"clade":"Total group Echelus","fossil":"Echelus branchialis","left":"Echelus_myrus","right":"Ophichthus_altipennis","min":"53.7","max":"148.6225225","locality":"London Clay (Division B2), Aveley Quarry, UK","authority":"Santini et al. (2013), Young (1993), Young & Williams (2008)","age_authority":"NP11 based on Friedman et al. (2016), age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Total group Osteoglossidae","fossil":"Paralycoptera wui","left":"Arapaima_gigas","right":"Notopterus_notopterus","min":"107","max":"159.7017017","locality":"Guantou Formation, China","authority":"Xu & Chang (2009)","age_authority":"Li et al. (2011, 2013)"},{"clade":"Crown Osteoglossidae","fossil":"Joffrichthys symmetropterus","left":"Heterotis_niloticus","right":"Osteoglossum_bicirrhosum","min":"58.551","max":"138.1206557","locality":"Paskapoo Formation at Joffre Bridge","authority":"Li et Wilson 1996 JVP, Li etal 1997a, Li et Wilson 1999, Hilton 2003 and Wilson and Murray 2009.","age_authority":"Magnetic polarity chron C26 encompassing Ti 3 and Ti4 of Tiffanian NALMA, age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"(Mormyridae + Gymnarchidae) vs Notopteridae","fossil":"Palaeonotopterus greenwoodi","left":"Myomyrus_macrops","right":"Notopterus_notopterus","min":"93.9","max":"142.6832833","locality":"Kem-Kem, Morocco","authority":"Forey & Cavin (2001); see Benton et al. (2015) for age assessement","age_authority":"See argumentation in Benton et al. (2015), calibration 29; specimen derives from same geological unit"},{"clade":"Total group Euteleostei","fossil":"Leptolepides haerteisi","left":"Pseudochondrostoma_polylepis","right":"Lepidogalaxias_salamandroides","min":"150.94","max":"177.4772372","locality":"Solnhofen Formation, Germany","authority":"Benton et al. (2015)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Benton et al. (2015), calibration 34"},{"clade":"Crown Otomorpha","fossil":"Tischlingerichthys viohli","left":"Denticeps_clupeoides","right":"Gonorynchus_greyi","min":"150.94","max":"167.1416817","locality":"Solnhofen Formation, Germany","authority":"Benton et al. (2015)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Benton et al. (2015), calibration 32"},{"clade":"Total group Spratteloidini","fossil":"Trollichthys bolcensis","left":"Chirocentrus_sp","right":"Spratelloides_gracilis","min":"49","max":"124.5135135","locality":"Bolca, Italy","authority":"Maramma & Carnevale (2015)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Harrington et al. (2016), calibration 4; specimen derives from same geological unit"},{"clade":"Crown Engraulidae","fossil":"Eoengraulis fasoloi","left":"Coilia_grayii","right":"Engraulis_anchoita","min":"49","max":"150.4474474","locality":"Bolca, Italy","authority":"Maramma & Carnevale (2016)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Harrington et al. (2016), calibration 4; specimen derives from same geological unit"},{"clade":"Crown Dorosoma","fossil":"Dorosoma petenense","left":"Dorosoma_petenense","right":"Dorosoma_anale","min":"1.8","max":"117.5297297","locality":"Gatuna Formation, New Mexico","authority":"Miller (1981)","age_authority":"Blacan/Irivingtonian NALMA, age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Chanidae vs Kneriidae","fossil":"Rubiesichthys gregalis","left":"Chanos_chanos","right":"Cromeria_nilotica","min":"126.3","max":"155.7883884","locality":"El Montsec, Spain","authority":"Benton.etal. 2015 fish calibrations","age_authority":"See argumentation in Benton et al. (2015), calibration 32"},{"clade":"Total group Characiformes","fossil":"Characiformes indet.","left":"Citharinus_citharus","right":"Nematogenys_inermis","min":"93.9","max":"143.0197197","locality":"Kem Kem Beds, Morocco","authority":"Dutheil (1999)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Benton et al. (2015), calibration 29; specimen derives from same geological unit"},{"clade":"MRCA Sternopygus and Apteronotus","fossil":"Humboldtichthys kirschbaumi","left":"Sternopygus_macrurus","right":"Apteronotus_leptorhynchus","min":"7.246","max":"117.6952432","locality":"Upper Yecua Formation, Bolivia","authority":"Albert & Fink (2007)","age_authority":"Albert and Fink (2007), age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"subset Serrasalmidae","fossil":"Megapiranha paranensis","left":"Catoprion_mento","right":"Serrasalmus_hollandi","min":"6","max":"88.33833834","locality":"Ituzaingo Formation, Argentina","authority":"Cione et al. (2009)","age_authority":"Cione et al. (2009)"},{"clade":"Total group Lignobrycon","fossil":"Lignobrycon ligniticus","left":"Lignobrycon_myersi","right":"Triportheus_albus","min":"24.5","max":"91.06856857","locality":"Tremembe Formation","authority":"Malabarba (1998)","age_authority":"Deseadan SALMA, age estimate derived from Flynn and Swisher (1995)"},{"clade":"Total group Spintherobolus","fossil":"Megacheirodon unicus","left":"Spintherobolus_broccae","right":"Amazonspinther_dalmata","min":"24.5","max":"119.0760761","locality":"Tremembe Formation","authority":"Malabarba (1998)","age_authority":"Deseadan SALMA, age estimate derived from Flynn and Swisher (1995)"},{"clade":"Total group Salminus","fossil":"Salminus noriegai","left":"Brycon_atrocaudatus","right":"Salminus_brasiliensis","min":"7.246","max":"63.10538739","locality":"Parana Formation","authority":"Cione & Azpelicueta (2013)","age_authority":"Cione and Azpelicueta (2013)"},{"clade":"Crown group Callichthyidae","fossil":"Corydoras revelatus","left":"Dianema_urostriatum","right":"Corydoras_fowleri","min":"39.5","max":"99.30630631","locality":"Mais Gordo Formation, Argentina","authority":"NA","age_authority":"Minimum age constrained by zircon dating of overlying Faja Verde (del Papa et al. 2010)"},{"clade":"Total group Loricariidae","fossil":"Taubateia paraiba","left":"Scoloplax_distolothrix","right":"Delturus_parahybae","min":"24.5","max":"75.23823824","locality":"Tremembe Formation","authority":"Malbaraba & Lundberg (2007)","age_authority":"Deseadan SALMA, age estimate derived from Flynn and Swisher (1995)"},{"clade":"Total group Pangasiidae","fossil":"Cetopangasius chaetobranchus","left":"Plotosus_canius","right":"Pangasianodon_gigas","min":"5.333","max":"94.60233934","locality":"Ban Nong Pla, Thailand","authority":"Roberts & Jumnongthai (1999)","age_authority":"Miocene, age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Total group Ictaluridae","fossil":"Astephus sp.","left":"Cranoglanis_bouderius","right":"Ictalurus_furcatus","min":"59.36","max":"123.1738939","locality":"Polecat Bench Formation, USA","authority":"Lundberg (1975)","age_authority":"Chron 26R, age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Total group Ameiurus","fossil":"Ameiurus pectinatus","left":"Ameiurus_catus","right":"Prietella_phreatophila","min":"33.97","max":"98.58750751","locality":"Florrisant Formation, USA","authority":"Lundberg (1975)","age_authority":"Evanoff et al. (2001)"},{"clade":"Total group Pylodictis","fossil":"Pylodictis olivaris","left":"Pylodictis_olivaris","right":"Noturus_exilis","min":"16.3","max":"73.03363363","locality":"Sheep Creek Formation, USA","authority":"Lundberg (1975)","age_authority":"Hemingfordian NALMA, age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Crown Brachyplatystoma","fossil":"Brachyplatystoma promagdlaena","left":"Brachyplatystoma_filamentosum","right":"Brachyplatystoma_tigrinum","min":"12.8","max":"74.60740741","locality":"Villavieja Formation, Colombia","authority":"Lundberg (2005)","age_authority":"Guerrero (1997)"},{"clade":"MRCA Chrysichthys","fossil":"Chrysichthys mahengeensis","left":"Chrysichthys_dendrophorus","right":"Imparfinis_minutus","min":"45","max":"100.1101101","locality":"Mahenge, Tanzania","authority":"Murray & Budney (2003)","age_authority":"Harrison et al. (2001)"},{"clade":"Total group Synodontis","fossil":"Synodontis sp.","left":"Synodontis_centralis","right":"Mochokiella_paynei","min":"28.1","max":"77.18088088","locality":"Thaytiniti, Sultanate of Oman","authority":"Otero & Gayet (2001)","age_authority":"Early Oligocene (i.e., Rupelian), age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2001)"},{"clade":"Crown Catostomidae","fossil":"Amyzon aggregatum","left":"Myxocyprinus_asiaticus","right":"Ictiobus_niger","min":"48.88","max":"121.7467868","locality":"Klondike Mountain Formation, Republic, Washington, United States ( † A. aggregatum) (39, 40).","authority":"Near etal. 2012","age_authority":"See argumentation in Near et al. (2012), calibration 8"},{"clade":"Total group Cyprinini","fossil":"Cyprinus maomingensis","left":"Cyprinus_carpio","right":"Puntius_snyderi","min":"40.14","max":"97.50678679","locality":"Youganwo Formation, China (Liu, 1957)","authority":"Chen et al. (2015)","age_authority":"Chron 18R, age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Total group Cyprinus","fossil":"Huashancyprinus robustispinus","left":"Cyprinus_carpio","right":"Carassioides_acuminatus","min":"23.03","max":"73.13741742","locality":"Yongning Group, China","authority":"Chen & Chang (2011)","age_authority":"Oligocene, age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Total group Macropinna","fossil":"Macropinna sp","left":"Macropinna_microstoma","right":"Rhynchohyalus_natalensis","min":"7.246","max":"107.9621682","locality":"Kurasi Formation, Sakhalin","authority":"Nazarkin (in press)","age_authority":"Serravallian-Tortonian, age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Total group Esocidae","fossil":"Estesesox foxi","left":"Esox_lucius","right":"Novumbra_hubbsi","min":"76.4","max":"139.7577578","locality":"Milk River Formation, Canada","authority":"Wilson et al. (1992)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Near et al. (2012), calibration 9"},{"clade":"Crown Esox","fossil":"Esox kronneri","left":"Esox_lucius","right":"Esox_niger","min":"51.57","max":"114.0734535","locality":"Fossil Butte Member, Green River Formation (F-2 locality), Wyoming, USA","authority":"Grande (1999)","age_authority":"Smith et al. (2008)"},{"clade":"Total group Salmoninae","fossil":"Eosalmo driftwoodensis","left":"Coregonus_nasus","right":"Salmo_salar","min":"51.43","max":"113.9565766","locality":"Wilson & Li (1999)","authority":"51.77± 0.34","age_authority":"See argumentation in Near et al. (2012), calibration 10"},{"clade":"Total group Hucho","fossil":"Hucho sp.","left":"Thymallus_thymallus","right":"Salmo_salar","min":"15.4","max":"85.95255255","locality":"Clarkia Lake Beds, Idaho, USA","authority":"Smith & Miller (1985)","age_authority":"Ladderrud et al. (2015)"},{"clade":"Total group Oncorynchus","fossil":"Oncorhynchus ('Smilodonichthys') rastrosus","left":"Oncorhynchus_mykiss","right":"Salmo_salar","min":"8.2","max":"60.97777778","locality":"Brown Creek, Idaho, USA","authority":"Smith et al. (1982)","age_authority":"Smith et al. (1982), Stearley and Smith (2016)"},{"clade":"Oncorhynchus keta","fossil":"Oncorhynchus keta","left":"Oncorhynchus_keta","right":"Oncorhynchus_gorbuscha","min":"4.8","max":"40.55255255","locality":"Chalk Hills Formation, Oregon","authority":"Smith (1992)","age_authority":"Smith (1992), Stearley and Smith (2016)"},{"clade":"Total group Stomiiformes","fossil":"Paravinciguerria praecursor","left":"Stomias_affinis","right":"Salangichthys_microdon","min":"93.9","max":"142.0104104","locality":"Monti Nebrodi and Monti Peloritani, Sicily, Italy","authority":"Carnevale & Rindoni (2011)","age_authority":"Cenomanian, age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Total group Plecoglossidae","fossil":"Speirsaenigma lindoei","left":"Plecoglossus_altivelis_altivelis","right":"Salangichthys_microdon","min":"56.83","max":"118.4646847","locality":"Paskapoo Formation, Canada","authority":"Wilson & Williams (1991)","age_authority":"Magnetic polarity chron C25n encompassing Tiffanian NALMA, age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Cylothone plus Stigmops","fossil":"Sigmops sp.","left":"Sigmops_bathyphilus","right":"Cyclothone_obscura","min":"12.62","max":"88.6591992","locality":"Torricella Peligna, Italy","authority":"Carenvale (2007)","age_authority":"Carnevale (2007)"},{"clade":"Total group Sternoptychidae","fossil":"Polypnoides laevis","left":"Sternoptyx_obscura","right":"Polymetme_corythaeola","min":"41.3","max":"116.3941942","locality":"Dabakhanian Formation, Georgia","authority":"Afsari et al. (2014)","age_authority":"Lutetian (Bannikov and Parin 1997), age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Total group Argyropelecus","fossil":"Argyropelecus sp.","left":"Argyropelecus_hemigymnus","right":"Maurolicus_weitzmani","min":"32.02","max":"91.37837838","locality":"Lower Khadum Horizon, Caucasus","authority":"Carnveale (2003)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Benton et al. (2015), calibration 40; specimen derives from same geological unit"},{"clade":"Argyropelecus hemigymnus","fossil":"Argyropelecus logearti","left":"Argyropelecus_hemigymnus","right":"Argyropelecus_sladeni","min":"12.62","max":"66.09811812","locality":"Torricella Peligna, Italy","authority":"Carnevale (2003)","age_authority":"Carnevale (2007)"},{"clade":"Croan Chauliodus","fossil":"Chauliodus testa","left":"Chauliodus_macouni","right":"Chauliodus_danae","min":"7.246","max":"87.64966366","locality":"Kurasi Formation, Sakhalin","authority":"Nazarkin (2014)","age_authority":"Serravallian-Tortonian, age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Chauliodus sloani","fossil":"Chauliodus sloani","left":"Chauliodus_sloani","right":"Chauliodus_danae","min":"2.588","max":"59.91853854","locality":"2.588","authority":"Landini & Menesini (1978)","age_authority":"Late Pliocene, age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Stomias affinis","fossil":"Stomias affinis","left":"Stomias_affinis","right":"Stomias_atriventer","min":"5.33","max":"60.59236236","locality":"Modelo Formation, California","authority":"Fink & Fink (1986)","age_authority":"Late Miocene, age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Total group Galaxias","fossil":"Galaxias effusus","left":"Galaxias_platei","right":"Galaxias_zebratus","min":"23","max":"133.8148148","locality":"Foulden Hills Diatomite, New Zealand","authority":"Lee et al. (2007)","age_authority":"Lee et al. (2007)"},{"clade":"Total group Aulopiformes","fossil":"Apateodus glyphodus","left":"Alepisaurus_ferox","right":"Scopelengys_tristis","min":"103.13","max":"159.4079179","locality":"Gault Clay Formation, UK","authority":"Goody (1969)","age_authority":"Mortiniceras inflatum Ammonite Zone (Young et al. 2010), age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Total group Alepisaurus","fossil":"Alepisaurus 'ferox'","left":"Alepisaurus_ferox","right":"Omosudis_lowii","min":"15.97","max":"132.8433333","locality":"Rosignano, Italy","authority":"D'Erasmo (1924)","age_authority":"Burdigalian (Carnevale 2007), age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Crown Myctophiformes","fossil":"Eomyctophum koraense","left":"Neoscopelus_microchir","right":"Bolinichthys_longipes","min":"32.02","max":"116.4762162","locality":"Kora, North Osetia","authority":"Prokofiev (2006)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Benton et al. (2015), calibration 40; specimen derives from lateral equivalent"},{"clade":"Total group Bolinichthys","fossil":"Bolinichthys sp.","left":"Lepidophanes_guentheri","right":"Bolinichthys_longipes","min":"5.33","max":"87.37335335","locality":"Modelo Formation, California, USA","authority":"Denton 2013 described the fossil, position of genus in tree determined in Denton (2015).","age_authority":"Late Miocene, age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Total group Polymixiiformes","fossil":"Homonotichthys dorsalis","left":"Polymixia_lowei","right":"Percopsis_transmontana","min":"93.6","max":"125.9267267","locality":"English Chalk Group, UK","authority":"Near etal.2012 Calibration 11.","age_authority":"See argumentation in Near et al. (2012), calibration 11"},{"clade":"Crown Percopsiformes","fossil":"Massamorichthys wilsoni","left":"Percopsis_transmontana","right":"Amblyopsis_rosae","min":"63.1","max":"94.31771772","locality":"Tullock Formation, Montana, USA","authority":"Alfaro et al. (in prep)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Alfaro et al. (in revision), calibration 3"},{"clade":"Amblyopsidae vs Aphredoderidae","fossil":"Trichophanes foliarum","left":"Aphredoderus_gib","right":"Amblyopsis_rosae","min":"33.07","max":"78.36531532","locality":"Florissant, Colorado, USA","authority":"Near etal.2012 Calibration 13.","age_authority":"See argumentation in Near et al. (2012), calibration 13"},{"clade":"Crown Zeiformes","fossil":"Cretzeus rinaldii","left":"Zeus_faber","right":"Zenion_hololepis","min":"69.71","max":"108.2996196","locality":"Nardo, Italy","authority":"Tyler & Santini (2005)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Harrington et al. (2016), calibration 3; specimen derives from same geological unit"},{"clade":"Crown Zeidae","fossil":"Zenopsis clarus, Zenopsis tyleri, and Zenopsis hoernesi","left":"Zeus_faber","right":"Zenopsis_conchifer","min":"32.02","max":"90.18324324","locality":"Lower Khadum Horizon, Caucasus","authority":"Santini et al. (2006)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Benton et al. (2015), calibration 40; specimen derives from same geological unit"},{"clade":"Crown Gadiformes","fossil":"Rhinocephalus planiceps","left":"Gadus_morhua","right":"Bregmaceros_atlanticus","min":"53.7","max":"92.87437437","locality":"London Clay Formation (B division), UK","authority":"Endo (2002)","age_authority":"NP11 based on Friedman et al. (2016), age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Total group Macrouridae","fossil":"Nezumia lindsayi","left":"Squalogadus_modificatus","right":"Mora_moro","min":"41.3","max":"77.48528529","locality":"La Meseta Formation, Unit II (Telms 3-5), Antarctica","authority":"Kriwet & Hecht (2008)","age_authority":"Lutetian, age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Meluccius merluccius","fossil":"Merluccius cf. merluccius","left":"Merluccius_merluccius","right":"Merluccius_senegalensis","min":"5.333","max":"43.59128829","locality":"Oran, Algeria","authority":"Carnevale (2005)","age_authority":"Messinian, age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Total group Gaidropsarus","fossil":"Gaidropsarus pilleri","left":"Gaidropsarus_mediterraneus","right":"Ciliata_mustela","min":"13.53","max":"59.80444444","locality":"St. Margarethen, Austria","authority":"Carnevale & Harzhauser (2013)","age_authority":"NN5b, age estimage derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Gadiculus","fossil":"Gadiculus cf. jonas","left":"Gadiculus_argenteus","right":"Micromesistius_australis","min":"5.333","max":"43.59128829","locality":"Oran, Algeria","authority":"Carnevale (2005)","age_authority":"Messinian, age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Total group Bregmaceros","fossil":"Bregmaceros filamentosus","left":"Steindachneria_argentea","right":"Bregmaceros_atlanticus","min":"41.3","max":"77.48528529","locality":"Dabakhanian Formation, Georgia","authority":"Prikryl et al. (2016)","age_authority":"Lutetian, age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Total group Lampridformes","fossil":"Aipichthys velifer","left":"Ostichthys_japonicus","right":"Velifer_hypselopterus","min":"98","max":"142.8648649","locality":"Sannine Limestone, Lebanon","authority":"Davesne et al. (2014)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Harrington et al. (2016), calibration 1"},{"clade":"Total group Lamprididae","fossil":"Turkmene finitimus","left":"Lampris_guttatus","right":"Velifer_hypselopterus","min":"54.17","max":"119.2536737","locality":"Danatinsk Formation, Turkmenistan","authority":"Danil'chenko (1968), Bannikov (1999)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Harrington et al. (2016), 'Total-group Carangiformes'; specimen derives from same geological unit"},{"clade":"Total group Lophotidae","fossil":"Eolophotes lenis","left":"Lophotus_lacepede","right":"Trachipterus_arcticus","min":"41.3","max":"96.16156156","locality":"Dabakhanian Formation, Georgia","authority":"Danil'chenko (1962, 1980)","age_authority":"Lutetian (Bannikov and Parin 1997), age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Trachipteridae","fossil":"Trachipterus mauritanicus","left":"Trachipterus_arcticus","right":"Regalecus_glesne","min":"5.333","max":"70.37209009","locality":"Oran, Algeria","authority":"Carnevale (2004)","age_authority":"Messinian, age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Total group Holocentroidei","fossil":"Stichocentrus liratus","left":"Holocentrus_rufus","right":"Aulotrachichthys_prosthemius","min":"98","max":"126.9129129","locality":"Sannine Limestone, Lebanaon","authority":"Patterson (1967)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Harrington (2016), calibration 2"},{"clade":"Crown Holocentridae","fossil":"Berybolcensis leptacanthus","left":"Ostichthys_japonicus","right":"Sargocentron_cornutum","min":"49","max":"106.5885886","locality":"Bolca, Italy","authority":"Alfaro et al. (in prep)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Harrington et al. (2016), calibration 4; specimen derives from same geological unit"},{"clade":"Total group Trachichthyoidei","fossil":"Hoplopteryx lewesensis","left":"Monocentris_japonica","right":"Rondeletia_bicolor","min":"93.6","max":"114.1409409","locality":"English Chalk Group, UK","authority":"Patterson (1963, 1993)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Near et al. (2012), calibration 17"},{"clade":"Total group Gephyroberyx","fossil":"Gephyroberyx robustus","left":"Gephyroberyx_darwinii","right":"Hoplostethus_gigas","min":"32.02","max":"97.35405405","locality":"Lower Khadum Horizon, Caucasus","authority":"Near et al. (2012)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Benton et al. (2015), calibration 40; specimen derives from same geological unit"},{"clade":"Crown Stephanoberyciformes","fossil":"Miobarbourisia aomori","left":"Acanthochaenus_luetkenii","right":"Rondeletia_bicolor","min":"9.83","max":"96.05107107","locality":"Wadagawa Formation","authority":"Fuji et al. (2007)","age_authority":"N15 (Aoyagi and Omokawa 1993), age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Total group Hypsigenyini","fossil":"Phyllophyarngodon longipinnis","left":"Lachnolaimus_maximus","right":"Pteragogus_cryptus","min":"49","max":"79.89189189","locality":"Bolca, Italy","authority":"Alfaro et al. (in prep)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Alfaro et al. (in revision), additional taxon 5"},{"clade":"Total group Calotomus","fossil":"Calotomus priesli","left":"Calotomus_spinidens","right":"Cryptotomus_roseus","min":"13.53","max":"48.13161161","locality":"St Margarethen, Austria","authority":"Alfaro et al. (in prep)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Alfaro et al. (in revision), calibration 12"},{"clade":"Total group Tautoga","fossil":"Tautoga sp.","left":"Tautoga_onitis","right":"Acantholabrus_palloni","min":"15","max":"62.77277277","locality":"Calvert Formation, Maryland, USA","authority":"Alfaro et al. (in prep)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Alfaro et al. (in revision), additional taxon 6"},{"clade":"Crown Lophiiformes","fossil":"Caruso brachysomus","left":"Lophiodes_reticulatus","right":"Antennarius_striatus","min":"49","max":"79.89189189","locality":"Bolca, Italy","authority":"Carnevale & Pietsch (2012)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Harrington et al. (2016), calibration 4; specimen derives from same geological unit"},{"clade":"MRCA Lophioides plus Lophius","fossil":"Eosladenia caucasica","left":"Lophiodes_reticulatus","right":"Lophius_piscatorius","min":"38","max":"66.25225225","locality":"Gomyi Luch, Russia","authority":"Bannikov (2004), Carnevale & Pietsch (2012)","age_authority":"Bartonian (Bannikov and Parin 1997), age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Total group Ogcocephalidae","fossil":"Tarkus squirei","left":"Ogcocephalus_parvus","right":"Chaunax_pictus","min":"49","max":"68.45045045","locality":"Bolca, Italy","authority":"Carnevale & Pietsch (2010)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Harrington et al. (2016), calibration 4; specimen derives from same geological unit"},{"clade":"Total group Antennaridae","fossil":"Eophryne barbutii","left":"Antennarius_indicus","right":"Chaunax_pictus","min":"49","max":"60.82282282","locality":"Bolca, Italy","authority":"Carnevale & Pietsch (2009)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Harrington et al. (2016), calibration 4; specimen derives from same geological unit"},{"clade":"Oneiroides","fossil":"Oneiroides sp.","left":"Oneirodes_macrosteus","right":"Lophodolos_indicus","min":"7.42","max":"50.56630631","locality":"Puente Formation (Yorba Member), California, USA","authority":"NA","age_authority":"CN9A, age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Antennarius ocellatus group","fossil":"Antennarius monodi","left":"Antennarius_indicus","right":"Antennarius_striatus","min":"5.333","max":"49.96766967","locality":"Oran, Algeria","authority":"Carnevale & Pietsch (2006)","age_authority":"Messinian, age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Total group Triodontidae","fossil":"Ctenoplectus williamsi","left":"Triodon_macropterus","right":"Aracana_aurita","min":"53.7","max":"80.82072072","locality":"London Clay Formation (B division), UK","authority":"Close et al. (in press)","age_authority":"NP11 based on Friedman et al. (2016), age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Total group Ostraciidae","fossil":"Eolactoria sorbinii","left":"Ostracion_cubicus","right":"Kentrocapros_rosapinto","min":"49","max":"69.59459459","locality":"Bolca, Italy","authority":"Bannikov et al. (2016)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Harrington et al. (2016), calibration 4; specimen derives from same geological unit"},{"clade":"Crown group Ostraciidae","fossil":"Oligolactoria bubiki","left":"Acanthostracion_quadricornis","right":"Ostracion_cubicus","min":"30.28","max":"57.88828829","locality":"Menilitic Formation, Czech Republic","authority":"Bannikov et al. (2016), Tyler & Gregorova (1991)","age_authority":"IPM 3 (correlated with P19; Tyler and Gregorova 1991), age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Total group Balistoidei","fossil":"Eospinus daniltshenkoi","left":"Balistes_vetula","right":"Triacanthodes_ethiops","min":"54.17","max":"81.25684685","locality":"Danatinsk Formation, Turkmenistan","authority":"Arcila et al. (2015)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Harrington et al. (2016), calibration 4; specimen derives from same geological unit"},{"clade":"Total group Triacanthidae","fossil":"Protacanthodes nimesensis","left":"Parahollardia_lineata","right":"Triacanthus_biaculeatus","min":"49","max":"69.59459459","locality":"Bolca, Italy","authority":"Arcila et al. (2015)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Harrington et al. (2016), calibration 4; specimen derives from same geological unit"},{"clade":"MRCA Tydemania, Triacanthodes","fossil":"Carpathospinosus propheticus","left":"Tydemania_navigatoris","right":"Triacanthodes_ethiops","min":"26.93","max":"57.59398398","locality":"Przysietnica, Poland","authority":"Arcila et al. (2015)","age_authority":"IPM 4 (correlated with P21a; Tyler et al. 1993), age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Crown Balistoidei","fossil":"Oligobalistes robustus","left":"Balistes_vetula","right":"Monacanthus_tuckeri","min":"32.02","max":"66.67891892","locality":"Lower Khadum Horizon, Caucasus","authority":"Arcila et al. (2015)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Benton et al. (2015), calibration 40; specimen derives from same geological unit"},{"clade":"Total group Tetraodontoidei","fossil":"Balkaria histiopterygia","left":"Mola_mola","right":"Diodon_hystrix","min":"55.8","max":"94.38118118","locality":"Kehu River, Kabardino-Balkarian Republic","authority":"Bannikov et al. (2016)","age_authority":"Bannikov et al. (2016)"},{"clade":"Crown Molidae","fossil":"Austromola angerhoferi","left":"Mola_mola","right":"Ranzania_laevis","min":"21.12","max":"75.55547548","locality":"Ebelsberg Formation, Austria","authority":"Gregorova et al. (2009)","age_authority":"M1, age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Total group Diodontidae","fossil":"Heptadiodon echinus","left":"Diodon_hystrix","right":"Tetraodon_cutcutia","min":"49","max":"79.89189189","locality":"Bolca, Italy","authority":"Bannikov et al. (2016)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Harrington et al. (2016), calibration 4; specimen derives from same geological unit"},{"clade":"MRCA Sphoeroides, Tetraodon","fossil":"Archaeotetraodon winterbottomi","left":"Tetraodon_cutcutia","right":"Sphoeroides_tyleri","min":"32.02","max":"65.48378378","locality":"Lower Khadum Horizon, Caucasus","authority":"Bannikov et al. (2016)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Benton et al. (2015), calibration 40; specimen derives from same geological unit"},{"clade":"Total group Scatophagidae","fossil":"Eoscatophagus frontalis","left":"Scatophagus_argus","right":"Pristigenys_alta","min":"49","max":"62.72972973","locality":"Bolca, Italy","authority":"Tyler (1999)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Harrington et al. (2016), calibration 4; specimen derives from same geological unit"},{"clade":"Total group Siganidae","fossil":"Siganopygaeus rarus","left":"Siganus_argenteus","right":"Capros_aper","min":"54.17","max":"70.72307307","locality":"Danatinsk Formation, Turkmenistan","authority":"Tyler & Bannikov (1997), Banikov et al. (2010)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Harrington et al. (2016), calibration 4; specimen derives from same geological unit"},{"clade":"Total group Luvarus","fossil":"Luvarus necopinatus","left":"Zanclus_cornutus","right":"Luvarus_imperialis","min":"54.17","max":"81.25684685","locality":"Danatinsk Formation, Turkmenistan","authority":"Alfaro et al. (in prep)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Harrington et al. (2016), 'Total-group Carangiformes'; specimen derives from same geological unit"},{"clade":"Total group Zanclus","fossil":"Eozanclus brevirostris","left":"Zanclus_cornutus","right":"Naso_thynnoides","min":"49","max":"69.59459459","locality":"Bolca, Italy","authority":"?","age_authority":"See argumentation in Harrington et al. (2016), calibration 4; specimen derives from same geological unit"},{"clade":"Crown group Acanthuridae","fossil":"Proacanthurus tenuis","left":"Naso_thynnoides","right":"Prionurus_microlepidotus","min":"49","max":"61.58558559","locality":"Bolca, Italy","authority":"Near et al. (2012)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Harrington et al. (2016), calibration 4; specimen derives from same geological unit"},{"clade":"Total group Malacanthus","fossil":"Malacanthus carosii","left":"Malacanthus_brevirostris","right":"Hoplolatilus_chlupatyi","min":"13.53","max":"39.37698699","locality":"St. Margarethen, Austria","authority":"Carnevale (2016)","age_authority":"NN5b, age estimage derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Total group Lopholatilus","fossil":"Lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps","left":"Lopholatilus_villarii","right":"Hoplolatilus_marcosi","min":"13.82","max":"51.73029029","locality":"Calvert Formation, USA","authority":"Carnvelae & Godfrey (2014)","age_authority":"Langhian, age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Total group Chaetodontidae","fossil":"Chaetodontidae indet. (Tholichthys larval stage)","left":"Chaetodon_robustus","right":"Leiognathus_longispinis","min":"29.62","max":"66.09105105","locality":", Germany","authority":"Micklich et al. (2009)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Harrington et al. (2016), calibration 6; specimen derives from same geological unit"},{"clade":"Total group Chaetodon","fossil":"Chaetodon ficheuri","left":"Chaetodon_robustus","right":"Prognathodes_aya","min":"5.333","max":"50.81785385","locality":"Oran, Algeria","authority":"Carnevale (2006)","age_authority":"Messinian, age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Total group Astroscopus","fossil":"Astroscopus countermani","left":"Astroscopus_y_graecum","right":"Uranoscopus_sulphureus","min":"7.246","max":"38.13793393","locality":"St. Mary's Formation, USA","authority":"Carnevale et al. (2011)","age_authority":"Tortonian, age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Total group Archoplites","fossil":"Archoplites clarki","left":"Archoplites_interruptus","right":"Pomoxis_annularis","min":"15.4","max":"52.33633634","locality":"Clarkia Lake Beds, Idaho, USA","authority":"Smith & Miller (1985)","age_authority":"Ladderud et al. (2015)"},{"clade":"Gasterosteus aculeatus","fossil":"Gasterosteus cf. wheatlandi","left":"Gasterosteus_aculeatus","right":"Gasterosteus_wheatlandi","min":"13.1","max":"39.39099099","locality":"Monterey Formation (Alta Mira Shale), California, USA","authority":"Benton et al. (2015)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Benton et al. (2015), calibration 39"},{"clade":"Total group Trichuroidea","fossil":"Argestichthys vysotzkyi","left":"Ruvettus_pretiosus","right":"Xenobrama_microlepis","min":"54.17","max":"94.42406406","locality":"Danatinsk Formation, Turkmenistan","authority":"Prokofiev (2002)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Harrington et al. (2016), 'Total-group Carangiformes'; specimen derives from same geological unit"},{"clade":"Crown Scombridae","fossil":"Eocoelopoma portentosum","left":"Scomber_scombrus","right":"Allothunnus_fallai","min":"54.17","max":"80.88064064","locality":"Danatinsk Formation, Turkmenistan","authority":"Alfaro et al. (in prep)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Alfaro et al. (in revision), calibration 5"},{"clade":"Total group Champsodontidae","fossil":"Eochampsodon elongatus","left":"Champsodon_snyderi","right":"Mullus_auratus","min":"38","max":"92.15015015","locality":"Gomyi Luch, Russia","authority":"Bannikov (2004)","age_authority":"Bartonian (Bannikov and Parin 1997), age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Total group Macrorhamphosa","fossil":"Gasterorhamphosus zuppichinii","left":"Aeoliscus_strigatus","right":"Aulostomus_chinensis","min":"69.71","max":"109.3815716","locality":"Nardo, Italy","authority":"?","age_authority":"Harrington et al. (2016), calibration 3"},{"clade":"Total group Centriscidae","fossil":"Gerpegezhus paviai","left":"Aeoliscus_strigatus","right":"Macroramphosus_gracilis","min":"55.8","max":"94.38118118","locality":"Kehu River, Kabardino-Balkarian Republic","authority":"Bannikov & Carnevale (2012)","age_authority":"Bannikov and Carnevale (2012)"},{"clade":"Total group Hippocampus","fossil":"Hippocampus samarticus","left":"Idiotropiscis_lumnitzeri","right":"Hippocampus_bargibanti","min":"49","max":"79.89189189","locality":"Coprolitic Horizon, Slovenia","authority":"Žalohar et al. 2009","age_authority":"Žalohar et al. (2009)"},{"clade":"Total group Gobiiformes","fossil":"Carlomonnius quasigobius","left":"Trichonotus_elegans","right":"Protogobius_attiti","min":"49","max":"93.62162162","locality":"Bolca, Italy","authority":"Bannikov & Carnevale (2016)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Harrington et al. (2016), calibration 4; specimen derives from same geological unit"},{"clade":"Total group Kribia","fossil":"Lepidocottus aries","left":"Kribia_nana","right":"Bostrychus_sinensis","min":"23.03","max":"74.76692693","locality":"Aix-en-Provance Formation, France","authority":"Gierl et al. (2013)","age_authority":"Late Oligocene (Gierl et al. 2013), age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Total group Channidae","fossil":"Anchichanna kuldanensis","left":"Channa_diplogramma","right":"Helostoma_temminkii","min":"41.3","max":"78.65255255","locality":"Kuldana Formation, Pakistan","authority":"Murray & Thewissen (2008)","age_authority":"Lutetian, age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"},{"clade":"Total group Latidae","fossil":"Eolates gracilis","left":"Lates_niloticus","right":"Toxotes_jaculatrix","min":"49","max":"79.89189189","locality":"Bolca, Italy","authority":"Otero (2004)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Harrington et al. (2016), calibration 4; specimen derives from same geological unit"},{"clade":"Total group Menidae","fossil":"Mene purdyi","left":"Mene_maculata","right":"Xiphias_gladius","min":"55.2","max":"94.59339339","locality":"Lagunitos, Peru","authority":"Friedman & Johnson (2006)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Harrington et al. (2016), calibration 5"},{"clade":"Total group Echeneoidei","fossil":"Ductor vestenae","left":"Remora_osteochir","right":"Lichia_amia","min":"49","max":"68.45045045","locality":"Bolca, Italy","authority":"Harrington et al. (in prep)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Harrington et al. (2016), calibration 7"},{"clade":"Total group Echeneidae","fossil":"Oligoremora rhenana","left":"Remora_osteochir","right":"Rachycentron_canadum","min":"29.62","max":"56.87309309","locality":"Grube Unterfeld, Germany","authority":"Harrington et al. (in prep)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Harrington et al. (2016), calibration 6"},{"clade":"Total group Scomberoidini","fossil":"Scomberoides spinosus","left":"Scomberoides_tol","right":"Oligoplites_altus","min":"19.3","max":"55.47777778","locality":"Upper Maikop, Caucasus","authority":"Harrington et al. (in prep)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Harrington et al. (2016), calibration 8"},{"clade":"Total group Carangini","fossil":"Eastmanalepes primaevus","left":"Seriola_zonata","right":"Selene_vomer","min":"49","max":"79.89189189","locality":"Bolca, Italy","authority":"Harrington et al. (in prep)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Harrington et al. (2016), calibration 9"},{"clade":"Total group Pleuronectiformes","fossil":"Heteronectes chaneti","left":"Psettodes_erumei","right":"Lactarius_lactarius","min":"49","max":"79.89189189","locality":"Bolca, Italy","authority":"Harrington et al. (in prep)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Harrington et al. (2016), calibration 10"},{"clade":"Total group Sphyraenidae","fossil":"Sphyraena bolcensis","left":"Sphyraena_flavicauda","right":"Lactarius_lactarius","min":"49","max":"68.45045045","locality":"Bolca, Italy","authority":"Harrington et al. (in prep)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Harrington et al. (2016), calibration 4; specimen derives from same geological unit"},{"clade":"Subset Pleuronectoidei","fossil":"Eobothus minimus","left":"Citharoides_macrolepis","right":"Bothus_pantherinus","min":"49","max":"68.45045045","locality":"Bolca, Italy","authority":"Harrington et al. (in prep)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Harrington et al. (2016), calibration 11"},{"clade":"Subset Pleuronectoidei","fossil":"Oligopleuronectes germanicus","left":"Paralichthys_albigutta","right":"Hypsopsetta_guttulata","min":"29.62","max":"50.05981982","locality":"Grube Unterfeld, Germany","authority":"Harrington et al. (in prep)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Harrington et al. (2016), calibration 14"},{"clade":"Total group Bothidae","fossil":"Oligobothus pristinus","left":"Arnoglossus_tenuis","right":"Cyclopsetta_panamensis","min":"29.62","max":"50.05981982","locality":"Piatra Neamt, Romania","authority":"Harrington et al. (in prep)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Harrington et al. (2016), calibration 15"},{"clade":"Total group Soleidae","fossil":"Eubuglossus eocenicus","left":"Aseraggodes_heemstrai","right":"Samariscus_xenicus","min":"41.2","max":"59.1027027","locality":"Djebel Turah, Egypt","authority":"Harrington et al. (in prep)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Harrington et al. (2016), calibration 12"},{"clade":"Total group Bothus","fossil":"Bothus sp.","left":"Bothus_podas","right":"Trichopsetta_ventralis","min":"11.056","max":"41.25016216","locality":"Tsurevsky Formation, Caucasus","authority":"Harrington et al. (in prep)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Harrington et al. (2016), calibration 16"},{"clade":"Total group Pomacentridae","fossil":"Palaeopomacentrus orphae","left":"Pomacentrus_bankanensis","right":"Hyperprosopon_anale","min":"49","max":"68.45045045","locality":"Bolca, Italy","authority":"Bellwood & Sorbini (1996)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Harrington et al. (2016), calibration 4; specimen derives from same geological unit"},{"clade":"Crown Cichlidae","fossil":"Mahengechromis spp","left":"Astronotus_ocellatus","right":"Hemichromis_elongatus","min":"45","max":"67.73773774","locality":"Mahenge, Tanzania","authority":"Murray (2001a, b, c)","age_authority":"Harrison et al. (2001)"},{"clade":"Crown Geophagini","fossil":"Gymnogeophagus eocenicus","left":"Satanoperca_daemon","right":"Geophagus_proximus","min":"39.5","max":"57.87187187","locality":"Lumbrera Formation (Faja Verde), Argentia","authority":"McMahan et al. (2013)","age_authority":"Minimum age constrained by zircon dating of overlying Faja Verde (del Papa et al. 2010)"},{"clade":"Total group Nandopsis haitiensis","fossil":"Nandopsis woodringi","left":"Nandopsis_haitiensis","right":"Nandopsis_ramsdeni","min":"3.6","max":"45.85585586","locality":"?Las Cahobas Formation, Haiti","authority":"Supplment to cichlid response","age_authority":"Graham (1990)"},{"clade":"Total group Exocoetidae","fossil":"Ramphexocoetus volans","left":"Euleptorhamphus_viridis","right":"Parexocoetus_mento","min":"49","max":"79.89189189","locality":"Bolca, Italy","authority":"Benton et al. (2015)","age_authority":"See argumentation in Benton et al. (2015), calibration 36"},{"clade":"Total group Valenciidae","fossil":"Francolebias aymardi","left":"Valencia_hispanica","right":"Aphanius_mento","min":"28.1","max":"64.70950951","locality":"Rozon, France","authority":"Costa (2012)","age_authority":"Early Oligocene (Costa 2012), age estimate derived from Gradstein et al. (2012)"}]